Radioactive Waste Disposal: Low-Level Radioactive Waste

Low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) is defined in the law by what it is not. It does not include:

• radioactive wastes that are high level such as spent nuclear fuel
• transuranic waste produced by the nuclear weapons program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
• tailings and other by-products of uranium mining and recovery
• Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
• oil and gas NORM waste

Consequently, LLRW is part of a broad category of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste is a generic term that is used to refer to all of the various types of wastes stated above. LLRW is, however, a separate well-defined category with a precise classification system and associated concentration limits for each waste class. The Atomic Energy Act divides responsibility for LLRW between the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the DOE .

Sources of LLRW

Nuclear utilities, academic and medical research institutions, hospitals, industry, and the military are the primary producers of non-DOE LLRW in Texas. LLRW typically consists of radioactively contaminated trash such as paper, rags, plastic, glassware, syringes, protective clothing (gloves, coveralls), cardboard, packaging material, organic material, spent pharmaceuticals, used (decayed) sealed radioactive sources, and water-treatment residues.

Nuclear power plants contribute the largest portion of LLRW in the form of contaminated ion-exchange resins and filters, tools, clothing, and irradiated metals and other hardware. LLRW does not include waste from nuclear weapons manufacturing or from U.S. Navy nuclear propulsion systems.

Regulation of LLRW

The rules for licensing of a LLRW disposal facility include detailed technical and performance requirements. The Texas Department of State Health Services' (DSHS) Radiation Control regulates the processing and storage of LLRW generated by DSHS licensees while the LLRW is at the site authorized under the DSHS license. Once the LLRW is received by another licensee for storage, processing, or disposal, it is regulated by the TCEQ.

Texas is a member of the Texas Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact with the state of Vermont. The compact allows exclusive disposal of the LLRW generated within the member states to be disposed of in a LLRW disposal facility constructed within any of those states. Texas is the host state for the compact disposal facility.

Contact the Radioactive Materials Division if you have any questions.